百奧明之海口蝦農蝦友座談會

玉。

座談會主題

主題一：　現狀與需求　

蝦農：

－近年來在養蝦中遇到的困難、困惑

－所采取的解決方法

－所需支持和援助（政府、企業－飼料、種苗、漁藥等）

蝦友（政府、企業、媒體）：

－現狀和問題

－可提供的解決方案

－未來發展方向

會間休息　

主題二：百奧明的解決方案　

益生菌

－益生菌作用機理、如何選擇、如何用

－AquaStar 益生菌產品研發設計、作用機制、應用評估試驗、提問與解答

植物提取物

百健寶產品研發設計、作用機制、水產試驗總結、提問與解答

主題三：討論交流 、總結　

玉。

座談會舉辦得比較突然，主要原因據百奧明的張艷經理介紹，主要是在前幾天走訪了海南的幾個養蝦大戶后，發現大家關心養殖防病技術但卻有點病急亂投醫的感覺，所以她認為這是個很緊迫的事。
所以呢，她剛回到廣州，第二天又返程飛回�？诨I辦了這個座談會了。

玉。

雖說都是一些產品單張，但大家也可以了解一下。

玉。

由于座談會辦得也比較倉促，所以只是小型的十來號人物一起在一個平臺下共同來交流。

水寶寶

沒有更多內容了嗎？

玉。

首先，座談會的第一個內容當然是了解一下百奧明公司咯。
具體大家可以看圖。

魚游四海

AquaStar 產品介紹

AquaStar probiotics

BIOMIN probiotic solutions for aquaculture: Mode of action and usage

百奧明BIOMIN水產益生菌解決方案: 作用機制及使用方法



Pedro Encarnacao, Aqua Technical Director（ 水產技術總監）, Biomin Singapore （百奧明新加坡）

Elisabeth Mayer, AquaStar Product Manager （產品經理）, Biomin Austria （百奧明奧地利）

ZHANG Yan, Aqua Technical Sales Manager（水產技術銷售經理）, Biomin China （百奧明中國）



RATIONAL 理論背景

The host-microbe interactions are often qualitatively as well as quantitatively different for aquatic and
terrestrial species. In the aquatic environment, hosts and microorganisms share the ecosystem. By
contrast, in most terrestrial systems, the gut represents a moist habitat in an otherwise water-limited
environment. In some sense, microbes in an aquatic environment have the choice of living in association
with the potential host (intestinal tract, gills, or skin) or not, while in the terrestrial environment,
appreciable activity may be limited to aquatic niches such as those provided by the guts of host animals.
Much more than terrestrial animals, aquatic farmed animals are surrounded by an environment that
supports their pathogens independently of the host animals, and so (opportunistic) pathogens can reach
high densities around the animal.

宿主-微生物之間的相互作用在水生動物和陸生動物之間不僅是質的區別也是量的區別。在水生環
境中，宿主和微生物共同分享生態系統。與之相反的是，在大多數陸生系統中，接觸水有限，僅
有腸道代表了一個潮濕的微生物棲息環境。在某些情況下，水生環境中的微生物會選擇是否與相
關聯的潛在宿主共同生活（腸道、鰓、或皮膚）。而在陸生環境中，這種選擇性可能僅限于有水


的生境例如宿主動物的腸道所提供的生態環境。不僅如此，水生養殖動物被包圍在一個生態環境
中，這種環境可以支撐病原菌獨立于宿主動物而存活，并且正因如此（條件）致病菌能夠在養殖
動物生存的水環境中達到很高的密度。

Surrounding bacteria are continuously ingested either with the feed or when the host is drinking. This is
especially the case with filter feeders like shrimp, which ingest bacteria at a high rate from the culture
water, causing a natural interaction between the microbiota of the ambient environment and the gut
environment. For preventing and controlling diseases, particularly in aquaculture, the best method is to
improve the health of culture organisms and eliminate pathogens by improving aquatic environment.

水生環境中的細菌不斷被宿主通過進食和飲水而攝入體內，濾食性動物如蝦就更是如此。蝦會從
養殖水體中攝入大量的細菌，從而引起水環境中的微生物與腸道中的微生物進行自然的相互作
用。對于預防和控制疾病來說，特別是在水產養殖中，最好的方法是改善養殖動物自身的健康并
通過 改善水環境來消除病原菌。

The use of beneficial bacteria (probiotics) to displace pathogens by competitive processes is being used
in the animal industry as a better remedy than administering antibiotics and is now gaining acceptance
for the control of pathogens in aquaculture, especially in shrimp farming operations. Probiotic bacteria
competitively exclude the pathogenic bacteria or produce substances that inhibit the growth of the
pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Bacitracin and polymyxin produced by Bacillus sp.).

用有益的細菌（益生菌）來競爭性取代病原菌正在動物養殖產業中被應用，且這種舉措要優于使
用抗生素， 因而目前在水產養殖中作為病原菌控制手段也正在逐步得到認可，特別是養蝦生產
中。益生菌競爭性地排除病原菌或者通過產生抑制細菌生長的物質（例如芽孢桿菌產生的桿菌肽
和多粘菌素）。

魚游四海

PRODUCTS 產品

AquaStar Hatchery is a probiotic product composed by several strains of beneficial bacteria (Bacillus sp.,
Enterococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Pediococcus sp.) produced using single cell fermentation to assure
quality and high CFU count, design for improving gut and water environment in shrimp and fish
hatcheries. These bacterial cultures will modify the microbial communities in water and gut of the larvae,
reduce or eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, and generally improve the growth and survival of the


animals. Beneficial bacteria which compete with bacterial pathogens for nutrient and/or inhibit the
growth of pathogens can be applied to the water or to the live feed. AquaStar Hatchery is applied to the
water but it will end up in the gut of the animal. These so-called beneficial bacteria are not therapeutic
agents but will alter directly or indirectly the composition of the microbial community in the rearing
environment and in the larvae gut, improving the animal health and performance.

AquaStar Hatchery育苗專用是一種益生菌產品，由幾種有益細菌構成（芽孢桿菌、腸球菌、乳酸
桿菌、乳酸片球菌），通過單個細胞發酵來確保品質和高活菌數（CFU），其產品設計是為了改
善蝦苗和魚苗的腸道環境和蝦苗場和魚苗場的水體環境。這些細菌培養物會改變水中以及幼苗腸
道中的微生物群落，減少甚而消除有害微生物，并且總體上改善生長和存活率。有益細菌與病原
菌競爭營養和/或抑制病原菌的生長，因而可用于水體或活餌料中。AquaStar Hatchery 育苗專用雖
然是直接用于育苗水體中但它最終會定植和作用于幼苗的腸道中。這些被稱為益生菌的有益細菌
并非治療性的藥物而是直接或間接地改變養殖環境中和幼苗腸道中的微生物群落組成，從而改善
動物的健康和生產表現。

AquaStar Growout is a probiotic product for fish and shrimp grow out phase, which is added to the feed
and is targeted to improve the microbial community of the animal gut. Beside the probiotic bacterial
strains (Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Pediococcus sp.) it also incorporates bacteria cell
walls to act as an immunostimulant and enhance the fish/shrimp immune system. Since the feed pellets
will be distributed in the water some of these probiotic bacteria will also end up in the pond water,
competing with some pathogenic bacteria for nutrient, thus, improving the microbial community in the
pond.

AquaStar Growout 養成專用是一種應用于魚和蝦養成階段的益生菌產品，添加于飼料中，目標是
改善動物腸道的微生物群落。除了含有幾種益生菌菌株以外（芽孢桿菌、腸球菌、乳酸桿菌、乳
酸片球菌），它還含有有益菌的菌體細胞壁作為免疫促進劑來增強魚/蝦的免疫系統。因為飼料顆
粒會散落于水中，所以飼料中添加的這些有益菌的其中一部分也會定植和作用于水體中。

AquaStar Pond & AquaStar PondZyme bioremediation solutions

AquaStar Pond 池塘專用 & AquaStar PondZyme 塘酶 生物修復解決方案

The newest attempt being made to improve water quality in aquaculture is the application of probiotics
and/or enzymes to the ponds. This type of biotechnology is known as “bioremediation”, which involves
manipulation of microorganisms in ponds to reduce pathogenic bacteria, enhance mineralization of


organic matter and get rid of undesirable waste compounds. AquaStar Pond (Bacillus sp., Enterococcus
sp., Pediococcus sp., Thiobacillus sp., Paracoccus sp.), and AquaStar PondZyme (with additional enzymes
added) are bioremediation solutions to improve pond water quality. The positive microbial activities of
this probiotic mixture include competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria, elimination of toxic
materials such as ammonia, nitrite, and hydrogen sulfide, degradation of uneaten feed.

應用益生菌和/或酶到池塘中，是水產養殖中為改善水質所采用的最新的嘗試。這一類的生物技術
被稱為“生物修復”，其中涉及到管控池塘中的微生物從而減少致病細菌、加強有機物質的礦化
以及清除掉無益的廢物化合物。AquaStar Pond 池塘專用（芽孢桿菌、腸球菌、乳酸片球菌、硫桿
菌、副球菌）以及AquaStar PondZyme 塘酶（額外添加了幾種酶）是改善池塘水質的生物修復解
決方案。這種解決方案提供了良性的微生物活動包括競爭性排除致病性細菌、消除有毒物質例如
氨氮、亞硝酸、和硫化氫、降解殘餌。

Aquaculture practices such as discontinuous culture cycles, disinfection and cleaning of ponds or tanks
prior to stocking, and sudden increases in nutrients due to exogenous feeding, generally do not provide
appropriate environments for the establishment of stable microbial communities. Therefore, it is very
unlikely that under intensive rearing conditions a stable microbial community can be achieved. Thus,
instead of allowing spontaneous primary colonization of the rearing water by bacteria accidentally
present, the water is preemptively colonized by the addition of probiotic bacteria, since it is generally
recognized that preemptive colonization may extend the reign of pioneer organisms provided that the
probiotic culture are well adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions.

在水產養殖實際生產中如非連續性的養殖周期、在放苗前進行消毒、清塘或清池，以及投喂外源
性餌料而導致營養激增，總的來說并不能提供適宜的環境來建立穩定的微生物群落。因此，在集
約化養殖條件下實現穩定的微生物群落，其可能性非常小。正因如此，與其讓在養殖水體中偶然
存在的菌自發地形成原始菌落，不如通過添加有益細菌先發制人地形成原始優勢菌落，因為通常
認為搶先定植的菌落可能會擴大起始微生物的統治范圍從而使得益生菌的培養和生長能很好地適
應早期的基本環境條件。

魚游四海

Researchers have proved that the use of probiotic bacteria in aquaculture improves water quality by
balancing bacterial population in water and reducing pathogenic bacterial load. Probiotics bacteria such
as the Gram positive Bacillus species are widely used in aquaculture products. Bacillus species are
commonly found in marine sediments and therefore are naturally ingested by animals such as shrimps
that feed in or on the sediment. However, it is unlikely that a single bacterial species will be able to


remain dominant in a continuously changing environment. The probability that a beneficial bacterium
will dominate the associated microbiota is higher when several bacteria are administered then when
only one probiotic strain is involved. Furthermore, when the host or its environment already carries a
well-established and stable microbial community, it is much more probable that the probiotic will have
to be supplied on a regular basis to achieve and maintain its artificial dominance.

研究者已證實在水產養殖中應用益生菌能夠通過平衡水體中的菌群以及降低致病菌數量來改善水
質。益生菌例如革蘭氏陽性菌芽孢桿菌在目前水產養殖中普遍應用。芽孢桿菌通常會在海洋沉積
物中被發現，因而會被動物自然地攝入例如在海底攝食或攝食底部沉積物的蝦類。然而，單一的
菌種很少能在持續變化的環境中保持主導地位。多菌種有益菌菌群在相關聯的微生物集群中占據
主導地位相比于單一菌種占主導的可能性高。而且，當宿主或其生存環境已具有一個很好地建立
起來的穩定微生物群落，就更有必要定期地提供益生菌使其能達到并保持人為造成的主導優勢。

In addition, intensive aquaculture farming produces large amounts of organic wastes within one crop.
Much of these organic wastes materials accumulated in the pond and cannot be utilized by the
phytoplankton though photosynthesis. These organic wastes compounds are quite stable, and do not
have a tendency to break into simpler untilizable forms. Oxidation of these organic wasted compounds
depletes the dissolved oxygen deep in the shrimp and fish ponds bottom soils, and formation of toxic
metabolites such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, ammonia, and nitrite, thus contributing greatly to the
mortality rates in aqua farming.

另外，集約化水產養殖在一個生產周期中產生大量的有機廢物。這些有機廢物很多都累積在塘中
并且無法被光合浮游生物通過光合作用加以利用。這些有機廢物非常穩定，也不具有分解成簡單
的可被利用的形態的傾向。這些有機廢物化合物的氧化會剝奪蝦塘或魚塘底泥中的溶解氧，而且
有毒物質如硫化氫、甲烷、氨氮和亞硝的形成嚴重增加水產養殖中的死亡率。

The biological degradation of the organic matter (feed and feces) present in the pond, gives rise to the
production of ammonia (NH3) in addition to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Since ammonia is
toxic to shrimp and other aquatic life at very low levels it is extremely important that it is removed.
These removal processes are known as nitrification and denitrification, which involve the oxidation of
ammonia to nitrites and nitrates, and the reduction of nitrates via nitrites to nitrogen gas (atmospheric
nitrogen). These processes are carried out by specialized organisms called nitrifying and denitrifying
bacteria.


有機物（飼料和糞便）的生物降解存在于池塘中，進一步增加了氨氮(NH3)及二氧化碳(CO2)和水
(H2O)的產生。既然氨氮在很低濃度下就對蝦和其他水生生物具有毒性，那么去除掉氨氮是極其重
要的。這些去除氨氮的過程包括硝化和反硝化，包括將氨氮氧化成亞硝及進一步氧化成硝酸，以
及經由硝酸鹽轉化為氮氣（氣態氮）來減少硝酸鹽。這些轉化過程是由硝化細菌和反硝化細菌來
完成的。

Under these circumstances the proactive approach is to add such cultures. AquaStar Pond and AquaStar
PondZyme contain active cultures (Thiobacillus sp. and Paracoccus sp.) that will start to oxidize the
ammonia and reduce the nitrate as soon as they are added to the system. The strains in the product
work in harmony with the existing biomass and increase its overall efficiency to improve elimination of
ammonia, nitrites and nitrates, and improve water quality and pond environment.

基于以上所述，添加這些特定微生物是主動的措施。AquaStar Pond 池塘專用和 AquaStar
PondZyme 塘酶含有活躍的益生菌培養物（硫桿菌和副球菌），一旦它們被加入到養殖生態系統
中就能立即啟動氨氮的氧化及降低硝酸鹽。產品中的各個益生菌菌株能夠在既有的生物質中相互
協調配合和諧地工作從而提高它們清除氨氮、亞硝和硝酸鹽的整體效率，進而改善水質和池塘環
境。

AquaStar PondZyme is a product that also incorporates pure enzyme blends (proteases, amylases,
cellulases, xylanases) to degrade all the principle organic constituents normally found in shrimp and fish
ponds. These specific enzymes can promote the pre-digestion of certain complex nutrients and facilitate
the release of highly digestible nutrients. Each enzyme can act to catalyze only very selected chemical
reactions and only with very selected substances. For example, proteases work on proteins, amylases
work on starches, cellulases work on cellulose and lipases work on lipids or fats. Recall that cellulose is
the major cell wall material in plants and is therefore quite durable.

AquaStar PondZyme 塘酶是一種產品除包含益生菌外，還含有純化的酶的混合物（蛋白酶、淀粉
酶、纖維素酶、木聚糖酶）能降解在蝦塘和魚塘中常見的全部基本有機物。這些特定的酶能夠促
進對某些復雜營養物質的預消化并且達成對高度可消化營養小分子的釋放。每種酶僅能催化作用
于非常有選擇性的化學反應，以及非常有選擇性的底物。舉例來說，蛋白酶作用于蛋白質，淀粉
酶作用于淀粉，纖維素酶作用于纖維素而脂肪酶作用于油脂或脂肪。不要忘記纖維素是植物細胞
壁中的主要物質且很難被消化。




RECOMMENDATIONS AND USAGE:

用法及使用建議：

FISH and SHRIMP 魚和蝦

AquaStar Hatchery: 2-5 g per 1000 L or 100.000 larvae at least once a day over the larval rearing period.
Dissolve the product in water (1:20 ratio). Apply in the tank water or with live feed.

AquaStar 育苗專用：在整個育苗期間，每1000升水或100.000苗用2-5克，每天至少用一次。將
本品溶于水（按1：20的比例），潑灑于水中或與活餌料混合。

AquaStar Growout: Initial stages of pond grow-out (weeks 1-4) 5 g/kg diet. Remaining grow-out period,
2-3 g/kg diet. Dissolve in water (1:20), mix with the feed and let dry. Finally, top coat with some
molasses.

AquaStar 養成專用：養成期的初始階段（周1-4 ）用5克/公斤飼料。在其后的養成階段，用2-3
克/公斤飼料。將本品溶于水（按1：20的比例），與飼料混合拌勻并風干，最后用一些糖蜜來作
包被。

SHRIMP 蝦

AquaStar Pond: 0.5 to 2.0 kg/ha and repeat after 5-28 days depending on culture system and animal
density. Dissolve the product in water (1:30). Distribute in various locations around the pond.
AquaStar PondZyme: 0.3-1 kg/ha per 7-28 days depending on culture system and animal density.
Dissolve the product in water (1:30). Distribute in various locations around the pond.

AquaStar 池塘專用：用0.5到2公斤/公頃（33克-133克/畝）并于5-28天后重復使用，用量和頻
次根據養殖系統和養殖密度而定。將本品溶于水（按1：30的比例），潑灑于蝦塘各處。

AquaStar 塘酶：用0.3-1公斤/公頃（20克- 67克/畝）每7-28天用一次，用量和頻次根據養殖系
統和養殖密度而定。將本品溶于水（按1：30的比例），潑灑于蝦塘各處。

魚游四海

討論階段摘要：

1.養殖企業陳總：

從96年開始養蝦，遇到的最大問題就是病害和池塘溶解氧的問題。

2.海南省科技廳張躍華處長：

99年開始養蝦，開始比較順利，近幾年弧菌病嚴重，今年綠弧菌尤其嚴重，變異使其成為難題。防菌是很難的，要控制病害，要回歸水體控制，加強池塘條件調控和營養調控。2008年后對蝦養殖疾病方面開始使用抗生素，近兩年抗生素使用增多，導致病害變異。希望在技術方面得到科研院所支持。

3.海南大學謝珍玉博士：

研究領域對于病害十分關心，從2002年開始做弧菌方面的研究�；【�是現在海水中最常見的種類，水體是開放的環境，控制病菌進入很難。流行病學研究很難跟著疾病發生走，細菌變異進化速度太快。關于抗生素是堅決反對使用的，繼續使用會導致人發病，不僅僅是蝦發病。我們推崇健康養殖，弧菌病是條件致病菌，可以追溯到環境問題，其中很關鍵的就是調水。一是可以用益生菌調水，二是使用拮抗菌。搞清致病機理的同時推行健康養殖，弧菌病有望解決。

4.湛江海大飼料有限公司李世恒：

我們公司也在研究弧菌，用沸石粉沉淀菌成功率還是比較高的。采用嚴格消毒的方法后會導致肥水困難。導致疾病的綜合因素很多，防不勝防。

5.湛江海大飼料有限公司鄭聲秋：

面對病害養殖戶往往會歸結到苗種問題，而不會想到環境的影響。公司一年舉行過8場中會，50多場小會講解生物防控的問題，使客戶養蝦成功率提高了28%。從根源上防治，進行生物防控，針對弧菌有效，可降低養殖風險。增加有益菌群，減少塘底污染物，做好營養與調水，是解決問題的關鍵。海大特別注重服務終端，耐心講解產品用法。

6.湛江海大飼料有限公司張宏輝：

養蝦養好還是比較難的，水源條件管理好的成效就會比較好。關鍵在于預防工作。溶氧問題很關鍵。

7.魚藥孟總：

國內很多指標的檢測標準比國外低。很多藥物開始有效，后來會失去控制。如今塘越來越小，很難建立生態系統的平衡。依靠企業搞科研成效不夠，科研院所應該多做該方面工作。

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